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Sunday, May 7, 2023

Transformer Feeder Trip Disebabkan Hi Set EF Ketika Energization

Ketika nak ON Transformer pertama kali, kadang-kadang ia akan trip pada hi set EF. Kadang-kadang tak, boleh ON macam takde apa2.


Transformer Magnetizing Inrush - Apa yang berlaku?
===========
Transformer besar atau kecil, tetap akan ada inrush untuk magnetizing core transformer tersebut. Nilai inrush berbeza-beza dan tidak tetap, dan bergantung kepada keadaan sebelum nak energize... contohnya adakah transformer baru dibuat DC test seperti insulation resistance test pada windingnya, dan sudahkah ia dinyahcaskan sebaik mungkin. Jika tidak dinyahcas dengan betul, akan ada tinggalan DC tersebut (remnant magnetism) yang mana akan berlawan sebentar pada awal energizing dan inrush boleh mencapai lebih tinggi dari biasa.

Bila energize-trip-energize-trip-energize-trip... hingga berjaya, nilai inrush tersebut semakin berkurang... sbb setiap kali energize tu, dia sudah charge sikit demi sikit core transformer tersebut. Tuan boleh perhatikan pada Generator + Step Up Transformer, bila start generator bersama transformer tersebut, tiada inrush yang berlaku sbb voltage build up dari terminal generator bermula dari zero dan naik secara perlahan sehingga ke full voltage.

Kenapa biasanya trip EF Hi Set?
===========
Ketika energizing, nilai inrush pada ketiga-tiga phase tidak sama. Biasanya 2 phase (R,B) lebih tinggi dari Y atau sebaliknya bergantung kepada construction core transformer. Tuan boleh search pasal

Tuesday, April 18, 2023

Electrocution Case Cameron Highlands LPG Water Heater - What could be the causes?

Peace be upon all of us,

On 10th of March 2022, a couple was found dead  in their flat unit at Taman Puncak Tringkap, Brinchang, Cameron Highlands. Based on the post mortem, the couple is believed to have died from electrocution.

The water heater used was actually LPG (Gas) type water heater and not the electrical type instant water heater. Up to today, there has been no official investigation report on the cause of the incident i.e. how the gas water heater could have became Live with electricity.

LPG Type Water Heater

The LPG water heater uses gas as a fuel source to heat up the water. When the water reaches the magnetic switch, the sensor notifies the solenoid valve, which then turns on the gas pipeline. Once the gas flows into the burner, it triggers the igniter. The igniter sparks and gas flames appear. The cold water flows into the heat exchanger, which is then heated. For more details on how it works, please refer here.

The only electrical part within the LPG Water Heater is the igniter, which normally uses 1.5V or 3V battery as the ignition source. 

So, what are the possible causes for LPG Water Heater to become electrically Live?

Above is a typical electrical system in an apartment and its earthing interconnection. There

Wednesday, February 16, 2022

RCCB / RCD - Hangpa ni kenai ke tak kenai rating dia?


RCCB ni Residual Current Circuit Breaker atau nama am RCD - Residual Current Device. Dalam BM ... kita panggil Peranti Arus Bocor Ke Bumi.

Dulu-dulu, la ni pun ada lagi, orang duk panggil ELCB atau Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker. Tapi jenis ELCB ni sebenarnya ni orang pakai dulu-dulu dan ia adalah jenis Voltage Operated. Lain dari RCD yang mana dia adalah jenis Residual Current Operated. Jika nak tahu lebih lanjut apa beza ELCB dan RCD ni boleh ke pautan ni https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wo7IUzUT-rU

Harap hangpa semua ni panggil la RCD ke RCCB (Residual Current Operated). Jangan tersilap pula dengan ELCB (Voltage Operated)

Tuesday, August 17, 2021

Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker, Residual Current Device, Earth Leakage Relay & Earth Fault Relay

 Title: ELCB - RCD - ELR - EFR

#################### Video Link: https://youtu.be/Wo7IUzUT-rU

Technical sharing on the following items: 1. ELCB - Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker 2. RCD - Residual Current Device 3. ELR - Earth Leakage Relay 4. EFR - Earth Fault Relay

Tuesday, June 29, 2021

Earth Fault Vs Earth Leakage (Arus Kerosakan Bumi Vs Arus Bocor Bumi)

 


Arus Kerosakan Bumi / Earth-fault current :
========
- Current flowing to earth due to an insulation fault.
- Arus yang bocor ke bumi apabila ada kegagalan penebat.

Arus Bocor Ke Bumi/ Earth-leakage current :
========
- Current flowing from the live parts to earth or extraneous conductive parts in the absence of an insulation fault.
- Arus bocor ke bumi yang mengalir dari bahagian-bahagian litar HIDUP atau dari bahagian pengalir elektrik (yang HIDUP) dengan ketiadaan kegagalan penebat.

What are their differences?
========
a. Earth fault protection is intended to protect equipment when an insulation fault occurs, for instance a direct contact between a live conductor and earth. In such a situation, great fault currents will flow back to the transformer through its neutral point when its connected to earth
b. This is not the case of earth leakage protection, where faulty currents are generally much lower and the protection is dedicated, for example, to avoid hazards to human beings or animal

Saturday, June 19, 2021

Journey to Jurutera Elektrik Kompeten (JEK) Malaysia, Sharing Session with University Malaysia Perlis (UniMaP) 2021

Video Play List Link: Journey to Jurutera Elektrik Kompeten (JEK) Malaysia 

Talk and sharing on Jurutera Elektrik Kompeten (JEK) with University Malaysia Perlis 3rd year electrical engineering student under their Professional Engineer course which consists:

1. Jurutera Elektrik Kompeten (JEK) Presentation 2. JEK Q & A


#PE #PEPC #ProfessionalEngineer #ProfessionalEngineerPracticingCertificate #Malaysian #EET442 #UniMAP #UniversitiMalaysiaPerlis #JEK #JEP #JuruteraElektrikKompeten #SuruhanjayaTenaga #EnergyCommission

Routes To Professional Engineer in Malaysia, Sharing Session with University Malaysia Perlis (UniMaP) 2021

Talk and sharing on Routes to Professional Engineer with University Malaysia Perlis 3rd year electrical engineering student under their Professional Engineer course which consists of 5 parts:

Video Play List on Youtube: Routes to Professional Engineer

01 Introduction 02 Board of Engineers Malaysia 03 Institution of Engineers Malaysia 04 Routes to Professional Engineer in Malaysia 05 Question and Answer #PE #PEPC #ProfessionalEngineer #ProfessionalEngineerPracticingCertificate #Malaysian #EET442 #UniMAP #UniversitiMalaysiaPerlis



Electrical Contactor - Pengenalan serta Spesifikasi / Introduction and Specification

Electrical Contactor - Pengenalan serta Spesifikasi

Video Link in Bahasa Malaysia (Malay): https://youtu.be/mLvUerQ-l0k

Video Link in
English: https://youtu.be/mhvNEcBEnqs

Perkongsian mengenai Contactor dalam Bahasa Malaysia 1. Apa itu Contactor? 2. Penerangan Rating Pada Contactor 3. Voltage Sag Immunity dan Kaitan dengan Contactor 4. Jenis-Jenis Utilization Category 5. Making and Breaking Capacity 6. Kriteria Pemilihan Contactor ### NOTA PERCUMA ### Link: https://shorturl.at/gpGR7 ### FREE NOTES ###

Cara - Cara Protection System Mengesan Earth Fault / Earth Fault Detection Methods

 ### VIDEO ###

BAHASA MELAYU Link: https://youtu.be/92r1asm2bEc
ENGLISH Link: https://youtu.be/moV_wr9y5Tk

### VIDEO ### Perkongsian mengenai cara-cara Earth Fault dikesan dalam Protection System: 1. Residual Connection Current Transformers 2. Standby Earth Fault - Neutral to Earthing CT Connection 3. Core Balance CT or Zero Sequence CT 4. Metal Clad Frame Leakage Connection 5. Restricted Earth Fault Connection (REF) 6. Ground Fault or Neutral Displacement Over Voltage (59N)
### NOTA FREE/ FREE NOTES ### Link: https://shorturl.at/AFQ89 CORRECTION IN THE NOTES: For the last type of protection on 59N, there is a formula "Rp = Rs x N2". Whereby the 2 is supposed to be to the power of 2 or squared. ### NOTA FREE ###

Akta Bekalan Elektrik 1990 dan Peraturan Elektrik 1994 Malaysia Berkaitan Keselamatan Elektrik

 ### VIDEO ###

Pautan (Link): https://youtu.be/kXFx3IdRatg
### VIDEO ### Perkongsian mengenai Akta Bekalan Elektrik 1990 dan Peraturan Elektrik 1994 yang berkaitan dengan Keselamatan Elektrik seperti: 1. Kesalahan dan Denda 2. Keperluan Kompeten 3. Perbezaan Kontraktor Perkhidmatan, Kontraktor Elektrik, Kontraktor Pembaikan dan terma-terma lain 4. Circular dan Guideline yang dikeluarkan ST #BahasaMelayu #Malaysia #cruxofelectricalengineering #cruxofee #aktaelektrik1990 #peraturanelektrik1994 #kontraktorelektrikperkhidmatan #kontraktorkelektrik #kontraktorpembaikan #keselamatanelektrik

GPS SIPROTEC 4 Motor Protection Relay

 ### Link Video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PPvcMTLgzY ###

SIPROTEC 4 7SJ62X Untuk HV Motor (Dalam Bahasa Kebangsaan Bahasa Malaysia) =============== Mari mengenali GPS SIPROTEC 4 (7SJ62X) untuk HT Motor. Siri kali ini akan memaparkan mengenai: - Cara baca drawing Siemens HT Motor di GPS - Protection yang ada - Cara kendalian relay ini seperti event, trip log, test circuit breaker - Bagaimana troubleshoot relay ini apabila Motor Trip atau Stop Jangan lupa kongsi dengan kawan2 ye. Drawing boleh download di sini (link)


Cathodic Protection (By CoEE)

Introduction to the world of cathodic protection. This will be a 3 parts series.


Part 1 - https://youtu.be/R0WEo5PTRs0 - Corrosion - CP Theory - Types of CP - Sacrificial Anode - Impressed Current CP

Part 2 - https://youtu.be/BtSUXqleAgM - Typical drawings, installation details of CP - Sacrificial vs ICCP

Part 3 - https://youtu.be/7N7S_T0zFzU - Soil Resistivity Test - Interference and Its Mitigations - Earthing and ICCP - Maintenance Strategies - Acceptance Criterias - CP Design considerations (in general) Presentation Material Download: https://shorturl.at/joAWX

Protection System 17.2 Short Circuit Exercise Example (By CoEE)

Technical sharing on Electrical Protection System: 17.2 Short Circuit Exercise Example by Crux of Electrical Engineering, Malaysia. This topic will cover introduction on:

- Exercise for Per Unit Method - Exercise for MVA (ABC) Method
##
#VIDEO### Yotube video link: https://youtu.be/7oGaAUNTT70 ###Materials### SC Calculation pdf Excel file link Presentation dan komentar mix in English dan Bahasa Melayu. This video is on Chapter 17 (out of 17 Chapters)

Protection System 17.1 Short Ciruit Calculation (By CoEE)

 Technical sharing on Electrical Protection System: 17.1 Short Circuit Calculation by Crux of Electrical Engineering, Malaysia. This topic will cover introduction on:

- Per Unit Method - MVA (ABC) Method
##
#VIDEO### Yotube video link: https://youtu.be/kU6IwWauugg ###Materials### SC Calculation pdf Excel file link Presentation dan komentar mix in English dan Bahasa Melayu.
This video is on Chapter 17 (out of 17 Chapters)

Protection System 16 Making Sure Everything Works (By CoEE)

 Technical sharing on Electrical Protection System: 16 Making Sure Everything Works by Crux of Electrical Engineering, Malaysia. This topic will cover introduction on:

- Physical Inspection - Insulation Test - CT, VT Tests - Pri and Sec Injection Tests - Stability Test - Functional Test - On Load Test

Yotube video link:
https://youtu.be/OO-W-AOygwo Presentation dan komentar mix in English dan Bahasa Melayu. This video is on Chapter 16 (out of 17 Chapters)

Protection System 15 Capacitor Bank Protection (By CoEE)

 Technical sharing on Electrical Protection System: 15 Capacitor Bank Protection by Crux of Electrical Engineering, Malaysia. This topic will cover introduction on:

- Capacitor Problems - Capacitor Rating - Overcurrent - Unbalance Protection


Yotube video link:
https://youtu.be/FHLeM1wUV94 Presentation dan komentar mix in English dan Bahasa Melayu. This video is on Chapter 15 (out of 17 Chapters)

Protection System 14 Generator Protection (By CoEE)

Technical sharing on Electrical Protection System: 14 Generator Protection by Crux of Electrical Engineering, Malaysia. This topic will cover introduction on:

- Generator Earthing - OC (51, 51V), Loss of Excitation (40), Negative Sequence (46), Reverse Power (32), Differential (87G) and Frequency Protection (81O, 81U)

Yotube video link:
https://youtu.be/-ubCwPEn10A Presentation dan komentar mix in English dan Bahasa Melayu. This video is on Chaper 14 (out of 17 Chapters)

Protection System 13 Motor Protection (By CoEE)

Technical sharing on Electrical Protection System: 13 Motor Protection by Crux of Electrical Engineering, Malaysia. This topic will cover on:

- Overload, Negative sequence, etc. - Short Circuit (by Fuse or Circuit Breaker) - Discrimination for fuse/ circuit breaker with respect to contactor short circuit rating


Presentation dan komentar mix in English dan Bahasa Melayu. Yotube link: https://youtu.be/hI7xtujW7Xo This video is on Chaper 13 (out of 17 Chapters)

Saturday, January 30, 2021

SHALL ONE UPGRADE THE SWITCHBOARD IF MOMENTARILY DURING THE SWITCHING (MAKE BEFORE BREAK), THE PROSPECTIVE SC LEVEL EXCEEDS THE SC RATING OF THE BOARD?



A: Issue:
Persons Under Competent Control, Chargeman, Electrical Engineers and Electrical Service Engineers will always perform switching at electrical switchboards from LV to HV. With increase in fault level in the system (due to more generation and more inter-connection), some users may face the issue of the Short Circuit (SC) level exceeding the SC rating of the switchboard such as during momentary parallel of 2 incomers or 2 transformers. So should one change the switchboard just to cater for that few seconds when you momentarily parallel 2 or more sources?
Note: Please read the following with the assumption that the switchboard SC rating is below the SC level of the system during momentarily parallel of 2 or more sources.
B. Risk:
i. If no fault during the switching, no issue.

Friday, July 3, 2020

Non Magnetic Cable Ties to Secure Single Core (1C) Cable Trefoil Formation in Underground

In a certain Technical Standard, there is a clause for underground cable with regards to Single core cables, when laid in trefoil formation, shall be braced by preformed non-magnetic clamps or cleats designed to withstand the mechanical forces caused by short circuit currents.


Upon checking with electrical colleagues and counterparts, for underground (UG) cables, they rarely see use of cleats or clamps to secure the 1C cable trefoil formation. The use of cleats and clamps are normally seen at cable bending and when entering building to secure the above ground cables. Most of the times, the contractors propose to use cable ties made with SS316 coated with PU.

So are these SS316 cable ties non-magnetic type?

There are actually many types of stainless steel categories, which are:
1. Austenitic
2. Ferritic
3. Martensitic
4. Duplex
5. Precipitation-hardened.

We'll be focusing on austenitic and ferritic stainless steel material. What do they mean?

>>> Ferritic – generally magnetic
Ferritic stainless steels are classified in the 400 series, usually with 10% to 30% chromium content, and are often chosen for their excellent corrosion resistance and elevated temperature oxidation resistance.

>>> Austenitic – non-magnetic in the annealed condition
Austenitic stainless steels are chromium-nickel-iron (series 300) or chromium nickel-manganese-iron (series 200) alloys. Austenitic stainless steels are non-magnetic in the annealed condition but, depending on the composition (mainly the nickel and manganese content), they become slightly magnetic when cold worked. Austenitic stainless steel cannot be hardened by heat treating but only by cold working.

========

For specification of non-magnetic stainless steel cable ties to brace the 1C cables trefoil formation, one should specify it to be made of Austenitic Stainless Steel to address the non-magnetic material requirement.

What are your experiences with regards to this requirement? Do share in the comment below.

 

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Kerteh, Terengganu, Malaysia
Electrical engineering Services and Training, Electrical engineering fundamental, Professional journey of an electrical engineer in Malaysia, Electrical technical sharing and tutorial, Simple electrical programs and calculators; Electrical Design, Maintenance and Testing. Electrical engineering services, training and consultancy in industrial as well as oil & gas sector. CoEE website also serves as a platform for electrical technical sharing, and engineering professional advancement in Malaysia